Social Impact of the Urban Transformation (Diyarbakir Sampe)

The implementation of ‘The Urban Renewal Project’ in Suriçi district of Suriçi county of Diyarbakır city was aimed in accordance with the protocol signed by the relevant institutions in 18.12.2008; however, that project couldn’t have been implemented because of the severely reactions gotten by the local community by year 2016. It was aimed with that project to research the reasons of the reactions of the target group that resides in the project area and to reveal the potential social effects of the project over the target group from the sociological point of view within the context of ‘The Urban Renewal Project’. Because of building an opinion about what the possible social effects were, a situational analysis was carried out on the low-income group who lives in Suriçi area and in housing estate in Üçkuyular campus and who has the same social, cultural and economic features with the target group. The questionnaire technique was used in Suriçi and Üçkuyular for achieving desired data, and two different questionnaire forms were prepared for them. It was interviewed with 196 householders in Suriçi and 50 householders in Üçkuyular.


Introduction
The purpose of this project is to specify the demands of the target group who resides in the project area and to reveal the potential social effects of the project over the target group from the sociological point of view within the context of 'The Urban Renewal Project'.
The expectations of the target group must be considered for being wholesomely improved and implemented of the intended project.It is thought that there is a concern about meeting the expectations caused by uncertainty sens e predicted as resulted from a lack of knowledge in the target group.Our assumption has been tested by this study.Another problem that the study would like to reveal is what will be the reactions against a possible urban transformation project.Because of that the assumption, which is about that the target group accepts the need of an urban transformation in Suriçi but believes that they will be damaged from a possible implementation, was tested.
Another important factor of the urban transformation project is its social effects which it will create.Social effects are differed from each other as being effected from spatial factors, environmental conditions and evolutionary changes with person to person, person to group and group to group relationships.Fi rstly, it was researched what kind of relationship differentiation would the spatial factors cause.It was investigated in which level the changes of the relationship of a family with itself and with its environment would be after passing a high rise house from a detached house.Another factor is the environmental conditions.Within this context, how the environmental changes in which the target group live would affect the life standard was tried to be determined.The other factor is what will be the extent of the individual and group communication.
Scientific method of research was used for revealing the expectations of the residents of Suriçi from Urban Transformation Project and the possible social effects of the project.Having created a perspective abo ut what the possible social effects were, a pre-existing situation analysis was made with the target group and the low-income group, who live in housing estate of Üçkuyular campus and who are in the same social, cultural and economic level with the target group.Üçkuyular campus is composed of two different areas.Two classes, both middle income and low-income families, live in the campus.But the target group is the families chosen from the area where the low-income class lives.The questionnaire technique was used in Suriçi and Üçkuyular campuses for achieving the desired data.Two different questionnaire forms were prepared for Suriçi and Üçkuyular.It was interviewed with 196 householders in Suriçi and 50 householders in Üçkuyular.

Urban Transformation Approaches in Turkey
Although the urban transformation approach is understood multi-dimensional in Turkey, it is mostly approached as unidimensional.The urban transformation, which was planned in the legal frame of the urban transformation project, was basically approached on its physical dimensions; and need for its cultural, intellectual and moral restoration wasn't completely identified.TOKI (Housing Development Administration of Turkey) was involved actively in urban transformation with the rights of given by the housing estate law dated in 5.5.2004 and numbered with 5162 and by the decree law about general staff and its system.This situation has been caused for emerging a new approach.
According to this approach, renewal of the suburbia and the areas that lead to visual pollution by the standardized houses is urban transformation.It was aimed to remove the visual pollution and centralizing in the cities developed irregularly and in the way of masses whereas the aim was a planned and qualified urban transformation which doesn't damage to the environment, historical and cultural structures (Çolak,2014;Kılınç & Çelik, 2009;Turgut & Ceylan, 2009).
Lefebvre says that desire and representation underlie the main state urbanism.He states that the claims of them about the fact that these two factors have a connective character and keep the consistency in the society are unnecessary (Lefebvre, 2013: 143).New comments have been emerged about that the cities have been both the channel and actually the transporter of the power struggle throughout history.Within this context, it is essential how the cities were instructed and how the urban spaces were designed (Akçalı, 2013).

Critics against Urban Transformation
It was aimed to annihilate the chronical problems of the city via urban transformation; although these problems were resolved partially, new problems emerged with the project tried to be carried out.Because of that various critics are made over urban transformation approach.According to Marxist thought, generally leading groups have created one kind or other private places, old cities and wilderness.The new one is to create a mass and total social environment.That the producing activity expands so widely is actualised according to the favours of the people who invent and manage it and profit from it.This not only puts the place in surplus value production but also aims to reorganize the productions depended on the information and judgment centres.Accor ding to these approaches, urbanism conceals this huge operation.It hides the basic characters, meaning and purpose of the operation.It conceals them with a positive, humanist and technological profile.It is a capitalist strategy.This strategy stultifies "the user", and the participant becomes a simple resident.Capitalist strategy degrades them not only as a house but also the functions of the surplus receiver of the house.Urbanism ideology exaggerates the significance of the operations that it allows and is called "concerted".It gives the users an impression that it approaches the persons and things coequally in a suitable and modern way (Lefebvre,2013:147).
City planners aim to resolve the problems of the cities clearing the lower socio -economic class out of the city centres, that Burgerss wants to draw attention in the Dew Points Model theory (Dolu, 2010: 206).Generally, TOKI is widely criticised about these reasons.But the housing estate in Diyarbakır city made by TOKI isn't far away from the city centre even if it is in the city surrounding.Specially, because of the expansion of the city through the TOKI area made it stay in the city centre.However, luxury buildings and edifices were built in these new structuring areas.That the housing estate of TOKI which has a simple and ordinary view remains in between edifices and luxury buildings displays simply the socio-economic level of the residents.
Another criticism for urban transformation is being standardised of the social sphere with the standardizing of the spatial areas.Some researchers have analysed drawings of the French architects; and distinguished that the drawings of 8 thousand architects are almost similar to each other, and there are such small differences between themselves (La Corbusier, 2005: 116).Lefebvre says that the place thought as a production is a result of the production relationship which paid attention or approached by an active c ommunity.According to him, urbanists seem as ignoring or not knowing that they are themselves in the production relationships and complete the order of these relationships.Much as they think that they manage the place, they just carry it out in reality ( Lefebvre, 2013: 146).French architects state that it shouldn't be given any initiative to the ordinary individuals in the building of the housing types and their demands shouldn't be taken in consideration.Because every family demands their houses considering their current requirements apart from social habits.While crowded families demand houses with many rooms, women demand the ones with wider kitchens and bathrooms (La Corbusier, 2005: 163 -167).Architects' views about not taking the thoughts of the families into consideration are such as to support the Lefebvre's expressions.That the urbanists involved in the production relationships and drawing in accordance with these relationships are understood from their similarity with the drawings of the 8 tho usand investigated architects.When the standardized production of the TOKI houses is considered, it is understood that they are in a similar system.While TOKI houses are planning, only technical subjects like engineering factors are considered.Some community facilities such as mosque, school, shopping malls, etc. are also built around these houses.However, the inside or type of the houses aren't formed considering the social structure.There are a lot of different category of people from low-income group who are from counties to middle class group, from agriculture sector to service and production sector inside the target groups which TOKI takes into consideration.Although they appeal to many different groups about life conditions, the houses produced by TOKI are all standardised.This situation reveals a very huge risk like standardizing life styles of the social groups.
One of the critics on urban transformation is about the approaches of TOKI about transformation.It is stated that the chance of being a householder over 20 years such as paying rent in the housing estates which are unprofitable and built by TOKI in the city surroundings is offered like a golden opportunity.It is said that this option offered to the lessees is indeed an expressively softer type of displacement.According to this approach, the lives of the neighbourhood residents are ended being banished from the areas where they've lived for years.Because the maintaining of the lives of the poor depends on their relationships which they've established with their life space in their living places.If you take them 30-40 km away from the city and a place (a life) to where they don't get used to, you cut their relationships from job opportunities, social networks, cultural practices and sp atial patterns (Koca et al., 2013: 220).

The Building Logic of the Houses
The types of the houses are changeable according to the logic of the building makers or causers and according to the opportunity and need of the residents.The houses made as "build and sell" by private sector are built very carefully at maximal level about providing the residents of that area and in accordance with the socio -economic level of the area.The houses built by TOKI generally address to low or middle class group.Therefor e, while TOKI is building the houses, it considers the economic possibilities and requirements of the residents.The basic logic of the directors while building the houses is to satisfy people's main living need even if at minimal level.That's why it isn't considered that interior design of the houses isn't useful.
The houses built for low-income group generally have an area between 65 and 85 m2.In 27,7% of the houses in Turkey, 5 or more people live in a house.But this rate is 63,4 in Diyarbakır.These numbers are average out at Diyarbakır (TUIK, Turkish Statistical Institution, 2011).It is also seen from the study that there are more children in the families whose educational levels are low with reference to the hypothesis of the fact that more the educational and income level rise, more consciousness about family planning.These data show that most of the people who live in Diyarbakır have at least 3 children.It is revealed that children live in the salon in 1+1 houses, and the children who are a child of a family with 3 or more children have a single room at most 5 or 8 m2.The number of persons for living in a room including salon is 1,7 in Diyarbakır (TUIK, 2011).It shows that possibilities apart from needs are important while building and allocating such small houses to big families.
It can be said that the houses built for low-income class by housing development administration aren't very useful for maintaining a normal family's life.However, there's a different usefulness beyond "build and sell " logic with regard to environmental planning.The private sector which build and sell for low income groups build almost adjacent houses where you can hardly breath and which haven't any environmental planning or social life areas.Their main production logic is building houses which profits high, have minimal cost and also have interior usefulness.

The Resistance Developed to Urban Transformation
Sometimes a resistance is developed against urban transformation by the residents who live there.This resist ance is sometimes caused by some of the neighbourhood residents who would like to gain much advantage.Aforementioned residents find less the amount of the money offered for their own houses and demand much.However, these type of resistances can't be very effective because these are generally individuals, and laws support the municipal authorities that serve for transformation.Another type of the resistances is revealed by some left ideal parties, associations and unions.Urban transformation in Turkey be came effective after AK Party, which is a right ideal party, had come into power.Therefore, on behalf of creating a new strategy against right ideal party, left ideal groups try to prevent urban transformation which is one of the biggest argument used for community development and which can sometimes change into an unearned income.What type of socio -cultural effects the urban transformation will create on the city dwellers doesn't discussed by anybody but it is used as an argument by the government party for community development and by the left ideal group for preventing unearned income.

Urban Transformation in Diyarbakır
People have flowed into cities together with developing of the technology and production in Turkey as well as all other developed countries.While the problem of non-planned urbanization caused from immigration has been resolved in developed countries, it is still a very hot topic in Turkey.A new dwelling unit called slum was formed instead of urbanization because of economic reasons from 1950s to 1980s; financial impossibilities caused by immigration, lowness of industrialization and development level in Eastern and South -Eastern Turkey after 1980s; and populist municipal works and political culture which prevent planning and implementi ng of the reconstruction in ghettoes which are seen as a potential vote centre in election terms (Kılınç & Çelik, 2009).
Various projects have been implemented to prevent providing of transformation of slums and new forming of them in many part of the Turkey.Unfortunately, complete result hasn't been taken from these projects many times.For example, it was aimed to decrease the slum areas directing the slum residents to the Yenişehir campus built within the context of preventing slums and urban transformation works in Erzurum.But middle class groups who live in old houses in the city centre such as officials, workers and artisans settled in these houses in Yenişehir, and these families gave an opportunity to other people for replacing the empty houses re nting their houses out.This project partly prevented forming of new slum areas even though it couldn't restrain them (Kocaman et al., 2008).
The reason of urban transformation in Diyarbakır is unplanned urbanization as well as in all Turkey.But the difference of it from the ones in other cities is that the place where the transformation will be done is Suriçi area which is one of the oldest settlements in the world.Unplanned urbanization has been seen in this area since 1960s which has a large number of historical structures in and above the ground in the form of strata.Buildings are so near to each other.20% of the structures in this area are still among the historical buildings.Unfortunately, a major part of these buildings have been restored not in accordance with its origin and destroying its architectural texture; and they've been used as houses.These historical buildings have also lost their touristic features because of reinforced concrete buildings made subsequently.The lowest income group live in this part of Diyarbakır.Hence, the buildings are so uncared in this district which has a great number of lanes.It was aimed to carry out the urban renewal (Slum transformation) project by force of the protocol signed by relevant institutions in 18. 12.2008 within the context of integrating Suriçi district of Suriçi county, which is in the centre of Diyarbakır, one of the oldest settlements in the world and is surrounded with one of the biggest castles in the world, into tourism.Workers can start to settle in different parts of the cities by means of house diversity in the developing cities and rising of transit system.The reason when the workers choose their houses is related with their economic incomes.The houses of the low-income groups and middle-class groups are abreast in the biggest campus of housing estate administration in Diyarbakır while the districts are expanded according to socio economic structure.Being abreast of the houses causes positive results with regards to adopt themselves and a communication with each other, but not every time.Because the low-income persons in Diyarbakır are generally composed of the families which came by immigration in 1990s.Some of these families succeeded to adapt the urban life giving up their cultural habits from county whereas some of them have been maintaining their behaviours such as animal husbandry and sound pollution.This causes various troubles for middle class adapted mostly to urban life.

Findings and Interpretation of the Findings
The findings achieved from two different areas were evaluated comparatively, of which are Suriçi campus that has a historical structure and planned to be being urban transformation and Üçkuyular campus formed by TOKI.The residents of both campuses are composed of the same socio-economic and socio-cultural class.Because the lowincome group of Üçkuyular campus is composed of the persons who came from Suriçi and other the same sociocultural areas.
The effects of the same social stimulus result similar reactions in the similar social classes.The problems of the both campuses were researched and compared with each other.It is seen in the table that social problems are the most effective ones seen in the campus.It was explained that the robbery with 62,8% rate is the most faced problem in Suriçi campus.59% of the persons to whom the problems were asked complained from drug addiction.Physical problems such as power cut (42,8%), lack of social domains (18,4) and cleaning and environmental plan (17,9%) are less than social problems.It was seen problems similar with Suriçi in Üçkuyular campus.But when it is compared with Suriçi, it was seen a decrease at 50% level in social problems such as robbery and drug addiction.Because the houses in Suriçi campus are detached, bungalow, tumbledown and like ruins, it is suitable for drug production and robbery.As it is stated in the broken window theory, the streets where there are slums and hovels turn into the places that are used generally by prostitutes, drug sellers, vagrants, street gangs, narcotic addicts, namely all kinds of criminals.To sum up briefly, according to broken window theory, small disorders invite bigger disorders and finally vital crimes (Beşe, 2006).Data achieved from Suriçi support broken window theory.As a matter of t he fact that Üçkuyular composed of apartments in the form of sites got decreased the rate of crimes such as narcotic addict and robbery.But it is remarked that the prostitution has increased.That there are mostly 1+1 studio houses in the area has made Üçkuyular attractive for prostitutes because of lack of security in the area since the sites are newly -built.It is stated that the biggest problem faced in Üçkuyular (60%) is not being of shopping malls.The reason why the complaints were so high was that Üçkuyular campus of low-income class was new, and the shopping malls and other social domains hadn't been completed yet when the research was made.
The support given to urban transformation in the area was determined as only 34,7% despite its positive eff ects on decreasing crimes.That the level is so less arise from some concerns of people against urban transformation.One of the biggest concerns of the neighbourhood residents is that TOKI can treat inequitably while paying the expropriated price of urban transformation.This price generally is changeable according to the size of the land of the house.The price of a detached house built on a 250 m2 land is more than a triplex house built on 120 m2.This situation has caused a wrong sense in the residents.They think that it must be paid more for high rise houses regardless of being less of their lands.
6,1% of the residents haven't any income.These people maintain their life only receiving government aid and some other institutions' aids.The total ratio of the persons whose income is under minimum wage is determined as 66,6%.The residents of Suriçi use the water illegally as much as don't pay doorman due because they live in detached houses.In case they move in the TOKI houses, they will pay for house, apartment due, electricity and water, transportation.It will be impossible to supply these expenditures for the pers ons whose income is under minimum wage.So it is the biggest concern of them against urban transformation that their economic conditions will be worse (64,3).Hence, it was seen that 78% of the residents of Üçkuyular couldn't pay their monthly instalments because of their economic problems even though their instalments1 were so low.But 66,8% of the residents in Suriçi said that they were happy form their lives.The reason why they are happy is that there is a balance between their incomes and expenditures.
58% of the persons asked for the subject in the Üçkuyular campus stated that their life standards in TOKI houses were getting better in proportion to their previous settlements.The rate of the persons who said that their life standards didn't change is 22% while the rate of the ones who stated that their life standar ds became worse is 20%.96% of the participants explained the reason why they chose TOKI houses as "being householders" regardless of change in their life standards.
One of the possible problems of the project is that they will be centred in one area and will carry their problems from Suriçi to their new settlement.That it is a high probability is revealed clearly in our findings, too.When it was asked to the residents the question "if you don't accept TOKI houses, to which district would you like to mov e?", 19,9% of the participants answered directly as Şehitlik district1 whereas 15,9% of them gave the "Yenişehir district" answer.It was understood in the interviews that most of the persons who gave the Yenişehir answer would like to move Şehitlik district.Namely, it is estimated that 35% of the persons who will leave Suriçi will centre in Şehitlik district.The main reason of this situation is that the rent payments and house prices are lower than the other part of the city as well as there aren't such payments like expenditures of doorman, apartment, electricity and water.It is, in brief, economically more liveable for them.
Suriçi residents are of the opinion that the houses that will be allocated for them are highly out of the city.When we asked their thoughts about where the houses should have been built, 29,8 of the participants answered as "city centre".If the rates of the persons who said districts are considered, the rate of the persons who would like that TOKI should be built in city centre will be directly or indirectly 66,6%.Both the numbers achieved from the findings and the explanations of the participants in the interviews show that the concern of being isolated in case of being settled out of the city is dominant.Also, it is understood that some of the residents wouldn't like to leave from their district in no way by the time it is considered that 12,6% of the neighbourhood residents would like TOKI to be built in Suriçi.
Another social effect of the urban transformation is its changes on neighbourhood and relative relationships.Suriçi campus is composed of narrow streets.The houses were constructed adjacent and collaterally to each other.The doors of the houses lined through both sides of the streets look each other.Neighbourhood relationships are quite advanced because the most of the houses are detached and yard-type.Chatting of the neighbours in front of the houses and using of the narrow streets as sitting areas are often observed.As it is seen in the above table, the rate of the persons who said they were in good relationship with their neighbours is 86,2%.But negative results arise also on social relationships together with urban transformation.The residents of TOKI houses in Üçkuyular campus are in better relationships than the residents of Suriçi although both groups have the same socio-cultural structure.The rate of the persons who said that their relationships are good with their relatives is 46%.

Table 6: The numbers of the relatives in TOKI houses
The neighbours of the 22% of the participants from TOKI houses are composed of their relatives; and the rest 68% of them live away from their relatives.It is seen that the neighbourhood relationship in Suriçi campus is very high and they keep good relationships with each other.But it is seen that 22% of the residents in Üçkuyular are weak at relationships with their relatives and neighbours even though they live near their relatives.40% of the residents of Üçkuyular stated that their neighbourhood and relative relationships became worse with regard to their previous settlements.This data shows that the physical environment that we live effects the relationships of individuals with other people.Rising of the apartment floors which are elements of the modern life, Communication between people is getting cut off, and relationships are being effected negatively.
There is a structure in Suriçi campus similar to "mechanical solidarity society" of Durkheim.The reason of this arises from the fact that the residents composed of the persons come from countryside.between 1950-1969Immıgrants between 1970-1979Immıgrants between 1980-1989Immıgrants between 1990-1999 Immıgrants in  When it is considered that the rate of the habitants of Diyarbakır is 38,8%, it is so interesting that the rate of the persons who feel themselves as urbanite is 27,1%.This shows that even the persons born in this city don't feel themselves as urbanite; moreover, it can be seen that 28,1% of the residents who live in Diyarbakır for or more than 20 years couldn't have adapted to urban life yet.While the rate of the persons who evaluate their lifestyles as rural in Suriçi is seen as 30,6%, this number decreases to 22% in Üçkuyular.But there is an increase in the number of the ones who don't feel themselves neither rural nor urban.This situation derives from being far away of the campus from the city centre and not having been completed the view of its modern city sites even though they live in apartments which is a necessity of urban lifestyle.Cities are the places where the individuals should treat according to formal rules and the social orders are based them in proportion to countryside.The main features of urbanites are reaching the information provided by the urbanites more than countrymen, answering different lifestyles, recovering from "village" thought with interacting, hope of being tolerated and open-mind.It can't be said that the urbanization has caused for both developing of urbanization conscious and culture and mentality of treating according to the formal rules (Kılınç & Çelik, 2009).The emphasis in the evaluations made over the relationships of place and human is relative to the effective decisiveness of the place design in forming of lifestyles.The writers and thinkers who evaluate this subject remark that the architects who have full knowledge of place via place maintain it also on human life.

Conclusion
Urban transformation practises are made for reforming of the featureless and unhealthy places formed after rapid urbanization.With regard to its concept, urban transformation aims to make better the life standards of the cities.The city areas which gotten worse with illegal housing and being occupied of the public lands should be reused for the sake of city via the urban transformation projects.But sometimes, this is done with a destructive perspective while being carried out.Urban transformation practises in Turkey generally handle the transformation only with regard to its physical side.These types of practises increased in developed western countries in 1960s are understood as a unique concept in Turkey; and this can cause revealing of the problems which don't involve its social features.It can be said that the plans and programs of the urban transformation practises experiences in Turkey haven't been formed at the result of the strategies and actions based on current situation.
It is understood that dwelling production fails to satisfy low and middle income groups about offering alternatives, in particular with the houses built by public sector.Specially, it is observed that accessibility for the houses built by TOKI for low-income group is still so limited, they are useless when the individual numbers of the families are considered (6 persons or more generally live in the 65% of the houses in Suriçi), they don't satisfy their need.It was determined that public domain which is one of the main problems of our cities felt behind the projected standards of the regulations.Its main reasons are not being achieved of the domains by public, allocating these areas planned for public to other usages and not being realized of investments which should be done such as schools, health facilities.The fact that making of the social and technical infrastructures after superstructure can be seen among the reasons of production public domains under standards.
Ignoring current spatial identity texture and features in the urban transformation projects in our country, it can be given new and unsuitable planning decisions; and the structures produced in the area can't establish the bond between past and future.This situation causes creating of cities that's the origin of the bigger problems in future.It can be sad that the residents of these areas are urged to either move other parts of the city or form another slum area out of the city while the cities are transformed with capital (fund) logic.
The neighbourhood residents are composed of the groups that can survive with solidarity relationships for keeping up in illegal labour market and living in the city.It can be understood that they feel themselves secure with the effect of solidarity culture and being together with the persons like them although their life standards are quite low.But they can suffer a trauma when they are unwillingly forced to leave the places where they feel secure, then to move to either housing out of the cities or another part of the city.
When the data achieved from the study is considered, it is seen that the neighbourhood residents would like to live in detached houses similar to the ones in agricultural villages.The rate of the persons who wouldn't like to move TOKI houses and who accept moving to the detached houses with garden built by TOKI are respectively 78,1% and 80,1%.The types of the houses offered for low-income group by TOKI are the same.But these types of houses aren't suitable for the family structure of this area when it is considered that the average number of the family members is 7,6 according to the data achieved from our research of family members of the residents.Averagely 7,6 persons must live in each 1+1 60 or 80 m2 house.
It was seen that 78% persons of the residents who lived in the houses in Üçkuyular built for low-income group by TOKI delayed their payments and couldn't pay their debts.It is the main problem of the low-income individuals live in TOKI houses.40% of the persons live in TOKI would like to return to city centre.But it was understood later in the face to face interviews that many of the ones who didn't want to return maintained to stay at these houses because the property belonged to themselves.So a risk can be revealed because the low-income persons can turn towards unauthorized land market or form new slum areas in the city centre.
All in all, it is foreseen that the negative effects of the transformation can be removed considerably if the social structure of the area is considered, the types of the houses, public domains and environmental planning are formed according to it even though there has been a sense against that urban transformation damages the social structure.

Table 1 :
Common problems in Suriçi campus

Table 2 :
Common problems in Üçkuyular TOKI campus

Table 3 :
Possible negative features of urban transformation

Table 4 :
The state of neighbourhood relationships in Suriçi

Table 5 :
The state of neighbourhood relationships in TOKI houses

Table 7 :
The state of neighbourhood and relative relationships of the TOKI residents with regard to th eir old settlements

Table 8 :
The state of immigration of the residents of Suriçi campus

Table 9 :
As it is seen in the table, 61,2% of the residents in Suriçi campus are composed of the persons immigrated from countryside to Diyarbakır at sequential time intervals.Because Suriçi looks like countryside more than the other parts of the city with regard to houses even though it is in the city centre, it allows the residents to maintain their previous life styles.Current life styles of the residents in Suriçi campus with their perspectives

Table 10 :
Current life styles of the residents in TOKI houses with their perspectives